What is sovereignty? Many scholars would say that ––
什麼是主權？許多學者會說 ––
In essence, sovereignty is self determination or self government. Sovereignty is primary power or independent right without accountability to any other. It is autonomy or freedom from external control.
從本質上說，主權是自決或自治。主權是無須對任何其他人負責的主要權力或獨立權。不受外界控制享有自主權。
When a nation talks about "sovereignty", it means its right to determine what goes on inside its borders. In other words, sovereignty involves the nation's right to exist as a self-determining, self-governing geographic area. That includes the exercise of educational policy, tax policy, health & medical policy, energy policy, agricultural and fishery cultivation policy, water resource control, police powers, the imposition of criminal and civil penalties on all persons within its geographic boundaries, the granting of monopolies to conduct certain types of economic activity, as well as the enforcement, non-enforcement, or selective enforcement of all laws passed by its legislative body.
當一個國家在談論"主權"，這意味著該國有權決定處理一切內部事務。換句話說，主權涉及到國家存在作為一個自決、自治的地理區域的權利。它包括在其境內行使教育政策，稅收政策，健康與醫療政策，能源政策，農業和漁業養殖政策，水資源控制，警察的權力，施加刑事與民事處罰於人民，給予壟斷企業進行某些類型的經濟活動，以及執行，不執行，或選擇性執行由其立法機構通過的所有法律。
A "nation" which exercises the above types of authority, power, and control is generally spoken of as having sovereignty.
一個行使上述種種的權威，權力和支配的"國家"，通常被認為是擁有主權。
Is this a good overview and explanation of the concept of sovereignty? Many people would say so.
這是一個很好主權觀念的概述和解釋嗎？很多人都會說是。
As a result of this type of conceptualization of sovereignty, many people then quickly agree to the reasoning that --
"Jurisdiction over territory" is directly equal to "possession of sovereignty."
由於這種類型的主權概念化的結果，之後很多人迅速同意"領土管轄"是直接等於"擁有主權"的論據。
Let's examine this relationship in more detail. We will need to collect some evidence, and see what we can find out.
讓我們更詳細地檢視這種關係。我們需要收集一些證據，並看看我們能找到什麼答案。
We can start with North America. With reference to a World Almanac, we quickly discover that the Canada exercises jurisdiction over the province of Ontario. It is also true that Canada possesses the sovereignty of Ontario.
我們可以從北美開始。參考世界年鑑，我們很快地發現，加拿大行使了安大略省管轄。加拿大擁有了安大略省的主權，這也是事實。
The northernmost of the four main islands of Japan is Hokkaido, over which Japan exercises jurisdiction. After doing a thorough search of all available records in the library, there seems to be no dispute regarding the fact that Japan possesses the sovereignty of Hokkaido too.
日本對四個主要島嶼中的最北端的北海道行使管轄權。對圖書館裡所有可用的記錄做一個徹底的研究，有關於日本擁有北海道的主權這件事似乎是沒有爭議。
We can look at more countries. Let's look at a world map and pick three representative examples: How about Tanzania in East Africa, Panama in Central America, and Vietnam in Southeast Asia.
我們可以看看更多的國家。讓我們來看看世界地圖，並選擇三個有代表性的例子：東非的坦桑尼亞，中美洲的巴拿馬和東南亞的越南。
In terms of the areas that are actually inhabited, and regardless of whether any one of these three countries divides its administrative divisions into provinces, states, territories, regions, districts, cities, autonomous zones or any combination of these, we still see the same pattern that having jurisdiction over territory directly correlates with being in possession of sovereignty over that territory.
就實際有人居住區域而論，不管任何這三個國家將它的行政區劃為省，州，地區，區域，區，市，自治區或這些劃分的任意組合，我們仍看到擁有領土管轄權與直接對領土擁有主權相關聯的這種形式。
So, . . . . . . given that we can find abundant evidence to support this reasoning, it must be true. Is that correct?
所以，…….在我們可以找到大量的證據來支持這一論據之下，它必須是真實的。這是否正確？
But, what about the situation of Taiwan? There is little doubt that the Republic of China exercises jurisdiction over the areas of Formosa and the Pescadores. Yet, on August 30, 2007, the Senior Director for Asian Affairs, US National Security Council, Dennis Wilder said:
但對於台灣的情況呢？中華民國對台灣及澎湖列島行使區域管轄是無需質疑的。然而，2007年8月30日，美國國家安全委員會亞洲事務高級主任，丹尼斯·懷爾德說：
"Taiwan, or the Republic of China, is not at this point a state in the international community. The position of the United States government is that the ROC –– Republic of China –– is an issue undecided, and it has been left undecided, as you know, for many, many years."
"台灣或中華民國，此時在國際社會並不是一個國家。美國政府的立場是，中華民國是一個懸而未決的問題，如你們所知，懸而未決很多很多年了。"
This seems to present a major contradiction.
這似乎是呈現出一個主要的矛盾。
Let's consider another example. As of the summer of 1990, Iraq exercised jurisdiction over its 18 provinces, and bordering countries recognized Iraq as having sovereignty over these areas. However, in early August, Iraqi military troops invaded Kuwait, and the UN Security Council imposed an economic embargo on Iraq prohibiting nearly all international trade with the regime.
讓我們看另一個例子，從1990年的夏天起，伊拉克對它的18個省份行使司法管轄權，接壤國家承認伊拉克對這些地區有有主權。然而，在八月初，伊拉克軍隊入侵科威特，以及聯合國安理會對伊拉克施加經濟制裁，禁止幾乎所有與伊拉克政權有關的國際貿易。
Iraq responded to the sanctions by announcing the annexation of Kuwait as the "19th Province" of Iraq on August 8. The UN Security Council passed a series of resolutions that condemned the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait and implemented total mandatory economic sanctions against Iraq.
於8月8日伊拉克藉由宣布吞併科威特成為伊拉克的第"19省"回應了制裁。聯合國安理會通過了一系列決議，譴責伊拉克佔領科威特並對伊拉克實施了強制性經濟制裁。
In the view of the international community, Iraq now exercised jurisdiction over Kuwait, but not sovereignty.
在國際社會的角度來看，伊拉克現在對科威特行使司法管轄權，而不是主權。
In November 1990, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 678, permitting member states to use all necessary means to repel the Iraqi invasion, authorizing military action against the Iraqi forces occupying Kuwait and demanding a complete Iraqi withdrawal by Jan. 15, 1991.
1990年11月，聯合國安理會通過第678號決議，允許成員國使用擊退伊拉克入侵一切必要手段，授權軍事行動對抗伊拉克佔領科威特，並要求伊拉克在1991年1月15日前完全撤軍。
When President Saddam Hussein failed to comply with this demand, the Gulf War, commonly referred to as Operation "Desert Storm" ensued on January 17, with allied troops of 28 countries, led by the United States launching an aerial bombardment on Baghdad. The war, which proved disastrous for Iraq, lasted only six weeks.
時任總統薩達姆·侯賽因未能遵守這一要求，隨後於1月17日發生在波斯灣戰爭中，通常被稱為"沙漠風暴"的行動，有28個國家聯軍，在美國帶領下，對巴格達發動空襲。這場戰爭只持續了六個星期，對伊拉克來說是災難。
Returning to our original subject matter for this video, we must now clarify the following. To say that "jurisdiction over territory" is directly equal to "possession of sovereignty" is something that is true from one viewpoint. That viewpoint is the peacetime affairs of nations.
回到我們這段視頻中原來的主題，我們必須現在澄清以下。論調，"領土管轄權"是直接等於"擁有領土主權"的說法，這個說法從一個觀點來看是如此。這個觀點是國家的和平時期的事務。
As soon as we move into situations involving war, we must understand the application of the "laws of war," and its subset "the laws of occupation." Unfortunately, most civilians have little knowledge of such legal topics.
一但我們進入涉及戰爭的情況下，我們必須了解"戰爭法"，及其子集"佔領法"的應用。不幸的是，大多數的平民不太有這方面的法律常識。
Let's go back to WWII in the European theatre, and consider the Battle of Belgium. As of May 28, 1940, all military troops in Belgium have surrendered, and Germany has taken over the jurisdiction of the country. Our question is: Does the sovereignty of Belgium belong to Germany?
讓我們回到二戰時的歐洲戰場，想一下比利時戰役。就在1940年5月28日，在比利時的所有軍隊已投降，德國接管該國的司法管轄權。我們的問題是：是否比利時的主權屬於德國？
The answer is No. The explanation is that Belgium is under military occupation by Germany.
答案是沒有，應解釋為比利時是在德國軍事佔領之下。
Military occupation is a condition in which territory is under the effective control of foreign armed forces. The Hague Regulations of 1907 specify that territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of a foreign military power.
軍事佔領是一個領土被外國軍事力量有效控制的狀態。 1907年海牙章程明確說明當領土被外國軍事力量所管理時，其領土被認為是被佔領的。
We can also look at the Battle of Singapore. As of Feb. 15, 1942, all military troops in Singapore have surrendered, and Japan has taken over the jurisdiction of the island. In other words, as of this date, Singapore is under military occupation by Japan. International law specifies that "military occupation does not transfer sovereignty."
我們還可以看看新加坡的戰役。就在1942年2月15日，新加坡所有軍隊投降，日本接管該國的司法管轄權。換句話說，就在這一天，新加坡是被日本軍事佔領。國際法規定，"軍事佔領不轉讓主權。"
The above situations of Kuwait, Belgium, and Singapore all illustrate situations where "exercising jurisdiction is not equal to having sovereignty."
上述的科威特，比利時和新加坡情況說明了"行使管轄權不等於擁有主權。"
Going back to our original statement regarding the meaning of "sovereignty," we now find that we need to add further clarifications.
回到我們有關"主權"的意思的原來陳述，我們現在發現，我們需要更進一步的澄清。
In essence, sovereignty is self determination or self government. Sovereignty is primary power or independent right without accountability to any other. It is autonomy or freedom from external control.
本質上，主權是自決或自治。主權是無需向任何其他人解釋的基本權利或獨立的權利。它是免於外部控制的自治或自由。
When a nation talks about "sovereignty", it means its right to determine what goes on inside its borders. In other words, sovereignty involves the nation's right to exist as a self-determining, self-governing geographic area. That includes the exercise of educational policy, tax policy, health & medical policy, energy policy, agricultural and fishery cultivation policy, water resource control, police powers, the imposition of criminal and civil penalties on all persons within its geographic boundaries, the granting of monopolies to conduct certain types of economic activity, as well as the enforcement, non-enforcement, or selective enforcement of all laws passed by its legislative body.
當一個國家談論到"主權"，這意味著它有權決定境內所要進行的事。換句話說，主權涉及到國家存在為一個自決、自治的地理區域的權利。那包括在其境內行使教育政策，稅收政策，健康與醫療政策，能源政策，農業和漁業養殖的政策，水資源控制，警察的權力，施加刑事與民事處罰於人民，給予壟斷企業進行某些類型的經濟活動，以及執行，不執行，或選擇性執行由其立法機構通過的所有法律。
A "nation" which exercises the above types of authority, power, and control is generally spoken of as having sovereignty.
一個"國家"，它行使上述的權威，權力和控制，一般已被認為是擁有主權。
Clarifications: (A) Sovereignty over territory belonging to one nation may be ceded (transferred) to a second nation via the terms a formal treaty. (B) International law requires that the specifications of the cession be clear and unambiguous in order for the second nation's claims of sovereignty to be recognized as valid.
澄清：（一）屬於一個國家的領土主權可以是經由正式合約的條款來割讓（移轉）給第二個國家。（二）為了第二國家對主權的擁有被確認為有效，國際法規定割讓的說明必須是明確和毫不含糊的。
This clarification also seems to require that we define, more specifically, the verb cede, or the noun cession.
如此澄清也似乎要求我們應更具體地把 "割讓" 這個觀念給予定義。在英文，其動詞是 cede，名詞是 cession。
At any rate, we can learn more about situations involving territorial cession and sovereignty by overviewing the Spanish American War of 1898.
無論如何，我們可以藉由概觀1898年美西戰爭來了解更多涉及領土割讓和主權的相關問題。接下來，請繼續收看本系列第(2)集。
Copyright © Taiwan Democratic Advocate All Rights Reserved
Sponsors:
